A new book explores our complicated connection to the ecosystem that we call home. We interview author David B. Williams about Homewaters: A Human and Natural History of Puget Sound, published this month by the University of Washington Press. The following is an excerpt from our publication the Encyclopedia of Puget Sound.
Long before the explorer George Vancouver began remaking the names and maps of our region, Puget Sound was known as “Whulge,” an onomatopoetic Coast Salish word denoting the sound of waves.
If you listen closely, the waves washing against the Puget Sound shoreline make a subtle sound. It is not the booming surf of the outer coast but something unique to our region. The quiet, persistent sound of an inland sea. Whulge.
For the Coast Salish tribes, Whulge — spelled phonetically from the Lushootseed dialect — also meant the saltwater or “the salt” and ethnographers say it is both a place name and a way to describe a connection to the land.
It “was more of a concept than a defined location,” writes David B. Williams in his new book Homewaters: A Human and Natural History of Puget Sound, published this month by the University of Washington Press. It was “more of a way to delineate a relationship to place for the waterway’s Coast Salish people.”
This “relationship to place” is also central to Homewaters, which begins with the origin of Puget Sound’s many names and extends to all kinds of hidden facts and stories about the natural and cultural history of our region. The book examines our modern struggle to understand how we — a population of millions — now connect with “the salt,” and by turn, the kelp and forage fish and geoducks, the orcas and the salmon that come with it.
Whether it is Whulge, or Puget Sound, or its most recent moniker the Salish Sea, Williams has been writing about various aspects of our regional history for years. His earlier books focused heavily on Seattle, including most recently, Too High and Too Steep: Reshaping Seattle’s Topography, and Seattle Walks: Discovering History and Nature in the City. This is the first time Williams has tackled something on the scale of Puget Sound. He spoke with Encyclopedia of Puget Sound managing editor Jeff Rice. Read the full interview on the Encyclopedia of Puget Sound.
A new book explores our complicated connection to the ecosystem that we call home. We interview author David B. Williams about Homewaters: A Human and Natural History of Puget Sound, published this month by the University of Washington Press. The following is an excerpt from our publication the Encyclopedia of Puget Sound.
Long before the explorer George Vancouver began remaking the names and maps of our region, Puget Sound was known as “Whulge,” an onomatopoetic Coast Salish word denoting the sound of waves.
If you listen closely, the waves washing against the Puget Sound shoreline make a subtle sound. It is not the booming surf of the outer coast but something unique to our region. The quiet, persistent sound of an inland sea. Whulge.
For the Coast Salish tribes, Whulge — spelled phonetically from the Lushootseed dialect — also meant the saltwater or “the salt” and ethnographers say it is both a place name and a way to describe a connection to the land.
It “was more of a concept than a defined location,” writes David B. Williams in his new book Homewaters: A Human and Natural History of Puget Sound, published this month by the University of Washington Press. It was “more of a way to delineate a relationship to place for the waterway’s Coast Salish people.”
This “relationship to place” is also central to Homewaters, which begins with the origin of Puget Sound’s many names and extends to all kinds of hidden facts and stories about the natural and cultural history of our region. The book examines our modern struggle to understand how we — a population of millions — now connect with “the salt,” and by turn, the kelp and forage fish and geoducks, the orcas and the salmon that come with it.
Whether it is Whulge, or Puget Sound, or its most recent moniker the Salish Sea, Williams has been writing about various aspects of our regional history for years. His earlier books focused heavily on Seattle, including most recently, Too High and Too Steep: Reshaping Seattle’s Topography, and Seattle Walks: Discovering History and Nature in the City. This is the first time Williams has tackled something on the scale of Puget Sound. He spoke with Encyclopedia of Puget Sound managing editor Jeff Rice. Read the full interview on the Encyclopedia of Puget Sound.
Scientists have suspected for several years that chemicals from tire wear particles are to blame for the deaths of thousands of coho salmon that have returned to spawn in Puget Sound’s urban streams. Sometimes referred to as “pre-spawn mortality” or “urban runoff mortality syndrome,” these deaths typically occur in streams near roads, and scientists have been analyzing a wide variety of automobile-derived chemicals to see if they produced similar toxic effects.
Now, thanks to some painstaking detective work by our partners at the University of Washington Center for Urban Waters (our groups are affiliated and share lab space) and many other collaborators, researchers can point to 6-PPD-quinone, a derivative from a preservative in tires called 6-PPD. The finding is as unexpected as it is fraught with implications. The chemical comes about only when the tire preservative is exposed to naturally occurring ground-level ozone in the environment creating a “transformation product” not previously identified. A paper outlining the discovery is published today (Dec. 3) in the journal Science and you can read more details from Christopher Dunagan in our magazine Salish Sea Currents. A dying female coho salmon in the Lower Duwamish spotted by Puget Soundkeeper volunteers in October 2017. Photo: Kathy Peter
In some ways the research on 6-PPD-quinone is just beginning. What started out as a local mystery could now catalyze studies around the world. Scientists wonder if the newly identified chemical is harming more than just coho.
“This is the first thing I’ve worked on in my career where I have no idea where the story ends,” says the paper’s co-senior author Ed Kolodziej. “It’s kind of what keeps you up at night. You’re wondering, ‘How wide is it?'”
Tires and similar rubber products are found everywhere in the world, he points out, and while 6-PPD-quinone has not been shown to kill some other species of salmon (it doesn’t appear to harm chum, for example) there is speculation that the impacts could be more widespread.
“We just have no idea,” he says. “All these questions are just totally wide open because there’s just no information out there.”
Given the potential ramifications, scientists may now begin to search for similar impacts among often vulnerable species such as stream invertebrates and amphibians, but it is also clear that humans are sometimes exposed to similar 6-PPD compounds. “We know the 6-PPD parent compound [has been documented] in house dust,” Kolodziej offers as an example.It also occurs in recycled tires that are used for crumb rubber playing fields and gym mats. “We’re generating a billion tires a year globally that need to be disposed of,” says Kolodziej. “All these things and all those recycled products likely contain some level of 6-PPD and the 6-PPD quinone as well. So, humans, I think, have a variety of exposure pathways.” Could that endanger human health? “Again, we just have no idea,” Kolodziej says.
What is known, however, are the implications for coho salmon. In the short term, Kolodziej hopes that the revelations in the Science paper will at least lead to more “salmon safe” tires.
“Tires need these preservative chemicals to make them last,” Kolodziej told UW News. “It’s just a question of which chemicals are a good fit for that and then carefully evaluating their safety for humans, aquatic organisms,” and other species, he says. “We’re not sure what alternative chemical we would recommend, but we do know that chemists are really smart and have many tools in their toolboxes to figure out a safer chemical alternative.”
Scientists have known for years that Chinook salmon are important to southern resident orcas, but Chinook are not the only fish the whales eat. At the moment, chum salmon are returning to Puget Sound, and recent orca sightings suggest that the whales may now be feeding on chum.
Harbor seals also eat Chinook salmon, but also chum, coho and other fish. They seem fond of smaller fish like herring and juvenile salmon. Oh, what a tangled food web we weave… Can we really say that seals are stealing the lunch from killer whales?
Southern resident orcas are considered endangered. Puget Sound Chinook and steelhead are threatened. Harbor seals seem to be everywhere, hardly struggling to find food, at least as far as anyone can tell. So is it time to bring the powerful influence of humans into the equation by forcefully reducing the harbor seal population in Puget Sound? Harbor seal skulls helped to reveal something about seal diets years ago. Photo: Megan Feddern
It’s a question that people have been pondering for years, but I’m not sure we’re much closer to an answer. A new report, which I will discuss, offers some options for the Salish Sea.
Meanwhile, a recent permit will allow more than 700 salmon-eating sea lions to be killed on the Columbia River, but that has nothing to do with Puget Sound. Before addressing the problem of seals in the inland waterway, some key questions need to be answered, as discussed in a story I wrote last month for the Encyclopedia of Puget Sound.
Some of the most important questions surround how much salmon the seals are actually eating and how they fit into the complex food web that involves all kinds of fish and marine mammals. We can’t forget, for example, that transient killer whales eat a fair number of harbor seals, so it’s not a one-way street.
A recent study examined the bones from harbor seals that died years ago to determine if today’s seals are eating higher or lower on the food web. It’s a fascinating study involving stable isotopes from amino acids found in the bones. I believe I was able to explain simply enough the basic techniques. See Encyclopedia of Puget Sound, Sept. 8, 2020.
On the experimental front, a new acoustic device is being tested as a deterrence for harbor seals and California sea lions that have been feasting on threatened salmon and steelhead coming through the Ballard Locks on their way into Lake Washington. Researcher Laura Bogaard of Oceans Initiative installs speakers used in a new experiment on harbor seals at the Ballard Locks. Photo: Laura Bogaard
The device mimics the sound of a killer whale slapping the water with its tail. The idea is to startle the fish-eating pinnipeds and move them away from the fish ladder, where they often pick off fish trying to make it over the dam. For details, listen to the story by KUOW reporter Eilis O’Neill, or check out the news release from Long Live the Kings, one of several organizations partnering in the project.
A new report released in September offers a list of actions that could be taken to reduce seal and sea lion predation in the Salish Sea. The technical report (PDF 4.4 mb) summarizes the discussions from a November workshop attended by 75 U.S. and Canadian experts.
Author M. Kurtis Trzcinski of the University of British Columbia divides the suggestions into four categories: Vary hatchery production:
Salmon and steelhead hatcheries should experiment with releasing young fish all at once or over longer periods of time to see what is most effective at reducing seal predation. Larger releases might “flood the predator field” so that more of the fish get away. Fewer fish coming out of a hatchery at any one time might attract less attention and increase survival.
One could also change the release location to see if there are places where the hatchery fish have a better chance of surviving. One could also hold the fish for longer or shorter times in the hatchery to see whether larger fish survive better or worse than smaller ones.
Another idea related to hatcheries is to produce forage fish, such as herring, with the idea that an abundance of forage fish might provide an alternate prey for seals and sea lions, thus reducing predation on salmon. A harbor seal catches a salmon at the Ballard Locks. Photo: Laura Bogaard, Oceans Initiative Enhance fish survival
Leaving aside seals and sea lions, these ideas relate to habitat efforts to increase survival of salmon and steelhead in the streams and estuaries. Improving stream flow and assuring proper temperatures could be critical factors, along with enhancing habitat for better food and protection for the growing fish.
Enhancing habitat to increase survival of other species, such as forage fish, could help with salmon and steelhead survival. Non-lethal removal
Discouraging seals and sea lions from eating salmon and steelhead could take the form of harassment, removing or relocating haul-out areas, or requiring marinas to build structures to keep pinnipeds off docks and floats.
Harassment with noise or physical disruption could be scheduled at key times, such as during salmon out-migration or return to the streams. But workshop participants gave the idea a low chance of success.
Preventing seals from hauling out, especially near salmon migration routes, might work in one area, but it probably would move the animals to another location with uncertain effects.
Another idea was to inject the animals with a contraception to control the population, although a project involving the handling of thousands of seals and sea lions would be immense. Lethal removal
Killing seals and sea lions could be accomplished through hunting, which would require the hunters to use the animal for food or other purposes, or culling, which means killing the animal for the sole purpose of reducing the population.
Some experts proposed running an experiment by reducing the population through culling and then measure the effects on fish populations. Others suggested removing all the seals in one area and comparing the effects to a similar area where seals were not removed.
Preliminary estimates say it would take the lethal removal of 50 percent of the harbor seals — or about 20,000 animals in the Salish Sea — to push Chinook and coho salmon toward recovery. In addition, about 3,000 animals would need to be killed every year to maintain a stable population.
Uncertainty of such actions is high. Some say that other predators might need to be removed as well to keep them from simply eating the fish saved by eliminating seals. Birds, otters, raccoons and large fish are among the predators that could become a concern.
Officials in both the U.S. and Canada are considering their next steps, including an action plan that would probably include research to improve our understanding of the food web. Related articles from the Encyclopedia of Puget Sound:
The state’s stay-at-home order has halted much of the field research that would normally be underway in Puget Sound this spring, but a small group of scientists and volunteers have been able to continue their search for an invading marauder along the shoreline. Their work has been classified as critical by the state. Eric Wagner reports for our magazine Salish Sea Currents on the search for the invasive green crab.
The National Weather Service is predicting a warmer and drier than average summer this year in Washington, prompting officials to brace for an early start to the fire season. Historically, the eastern part of the state has seen the largest impacts from fires, but climate change is now increasing the risk west of the Cascades. That could have big implications for many rural communities in the Puget Sound region. Christopher Dunagan reports the story for our magazine Salish Sea Currents.
What do people really mean when they talk about the environment? A new podcast from the University of Washington Tacoma asks regular citizens a simple, but charged question: “What are the environmental challenges that are most important to you?” The answers to that question drive this engaging podcast in sometimes unexpected directions, from the environmental impacts of being homeless, to air quality, to wide-ranging discussions about environmental justice.
Voices Unbound is a unique blend of community researchers from the University of Washington Tacoma: A community nurse, an urban ecologist, an environmental policy analyst, an air and water scientist, and three undergraduate students interested in public health, medicine, and environmental education.
The podcast is funded by the University of Washington’s Earthlab with production support from the Puget Sound Institute and the Encyclopedia of Puget Sound. Visit the Voices Unbound website.
Despite the cancellation of the full program, the 2020 Salish Sea Ecosystem Conference will go forward with a variety of virtual sessions on April 21st and 22nd. The first day of the conference includes a session led by Puget Sound Institute senior scientist Andy James on the occurrence and impacts of contaminants in the Salish Sea. All the sessions are free to the public and a full schedule is available on the conference website. The conference program will also include plenary speakers and the presentation of the SeaDoc Science Award. The Puget Sound Institute will be reporting stories on several of the virtual sessions as well as findings presented in the conference abstracts. Coverage of the conference will appear in our online magazine Salish Sea Currents.
A draft rundown of the session on contaminants is available below:
SSEC 2020 Virtual Sessions – The Ecotoxicity and Occurrence of Contaminants in the Salish Sea Ecosystem
Brief: Three 90-minute sessions with a wide range of presentations focusing on research into the occurrence, toxicity, and impacts of anthropogenic contaminants in the Salish Sea.
Date: April 21, 2020
Time: 10:30am – 4:00pm
Location: All of the sessions will be presented via Zoom. Sessions are free, but registration for the conference is required.
Session 1: The Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry of the Salish Sea Ecosystem 10:30 AM – 12:00 PM
University of Washington Tacoma, Center for Urban Waters, Tacoma, WA Chemical profiling of surface water quality in relation to coho spawner mortality across a gradient of urbanization in Puget Sound Jessica I Lundin1, Katherine Peter2, Blake Feist1, Julann Spromberg1, Jenifer McIntyre3, Zhenyu Tian4, Christopher Wu5, Ed Kolodziej6 and Nathaniel L. Scholz1
(1)NOAA Fisheries, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, Seattle, WA, (2)University of Washington, Tacoma, WA, (3)Washington State University, Puyallup, WA, (4)Center for Urban Waters, Tacoma, WA, (5)UW – Center for Urban Waters, Seattle, WA, (6)University of Washington (Tacoma/Seattle), Tacoma, WA
If you are looking for something constructive to do in this stay-at-home period of our lives, I might suggest joining a team of scientists conducting real online research. Zooniverse, a clearinghouse of about 100 active crowd-sourced science projects, has added educational materials for all age groups. Students learning at home can assist professional researchers as they seek answers to real scientific questions. For a few other stay-at-home ideas, skip to the bottom of this page.
[iframe align=”right” width=”560″ height=”315″ src=”https://www.youtube.com/embed/J3_7rZt6yfk”%5D
One interesting Zooniverse project is “Penguin Watch,” in which citizen scientists are asked to look at photographs taken automatically at remote research sites where penguins congregate. The goal is to mark on the image where you see adult penguins, baby penguins and penguin eggs. The sheer number of images makes it difficult for a handful of researchers alone to do the work.
Radio reporter Andy Kubis of The Allegheny Front recently watched 4-year-old Nina Schulz working on the penguin project with her mother, Cristy Gelling of Pittsburgh. Nina carefully marked a spot on the screen.
“How do you know it’s a baby?” Cristy asked.
“Because it’s not black and white; it’s gray. And fluffy,” Nina replied. “I thought it was just a rock, but it wasn’t!” (Check out the audio below or on the AF website.)
——
Allegheny Front: “Become a citizen scientist”
——
By collecting many such observations over many photos, researchers can estimate the timing of penguin breeding, nesting and hatching under various conditions.
In the medical field — of particular interest at this time — participants are asked to “Bash the bug,” which involves identifying whether tuberculosis bacteria are growing in the presence of antibiotics at different concentrations. The goal is to identify strains of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and point the way to new antibiotic treatments. Laura Trouille, co-lead for Zooniverse
The number of people participating in Zooniverse has recently increased dramatically as more people are staying home, said Laura Trouille, director of citizen science at Chicago’s Adler Planetarium and co-lead for Zooniverse. Last week, 17,000 new accounts were created — five times the number seen in a typical week. That brought the total number of registrations to 2 million, a major milestone for Zooniverse.
“To me, it has been extremely heartwarming to see the role that citizen science can play in this unusual and scary time,” Laura told me, adding that she has two young children who have been able to be involved from home.
Zooniverse, a collaboration of the Adler Planetarium, University of Oxford and the University of Minnesota, lists 11 general categories, from biology to literature to space. Each project includes a forum where researchers can discuss the findings and answer questions from participants. Researchers say the discussions have helped broaden their own perspectives as they share their knowledge.
Occasionally, citizen scientists involved in Zooniverse may make a remarkable discovery, such as when Hanny van Arkel, a 25-year-old Dutch school teacher, spotted something unusual while looking for galaxies on a project called Galaxy Zoo. She posted a question in the online forum after she spotted a cosmic “smudge” in the corner of her screen.
Eventually, the object was identified as a rare quasar ionization echo, described as a “ghost image” associated with a black hole. Someone named it Hanny’s Voorwerp (Dutch for Hanny’s object), and the name stuck as the object attracted the attention of astronomers from around the world. (Check out Hanny’s story on her website.)
[iframe align=”right” width=”560″ height=”315″ src=”https://www.youtube.com/embed/11XA2aOCE1Q”%5D
While Zooniverse projects often seem more like games than real science, Laura pointed out that pooling the work of multitudes of people can produce significant results. For each project, a team of experts validate the results by taking a sample of images and comparing the amateur and expert classifications. For most projects, there is a very high degree of agreement. Any differences often reflect a disagreement among the experts themselves.
So far, the citizen science projects have produced about 200 scientific papers, Laura told me. The papers are widely recognized for their findings and often quoted in other scientific journal articles, Laura said.
With 100 active projects to choose from, it should be easy to find a project that suits your interests. A good place to start is a new page called “Remote and online learning resources,” which lists projects of interest to different age groups.
Another new page describes how Zooniverse can be used to fulfill service or volunteer hours needed for high school graduation or for college scholarships. The page includes an eight-point program for getting the most out of the experience.
Other projects for those staying home
20 suggestions. I was impressed with the 20 smart suggestions offered by the Kitsap Sun’s Betsy Kornelis in an article about “teaching from home.” At the end of her piece, Betsy provides a sizable list of online resources worth checking out.
More advice.Katharine Hill, a learning specialist in Brooklyn, offers some good advice and interesting websites in an article in the New York Times.
SeaDoc Society, a research and education organization based in the San Juan Islands, has compiled a list of videos and activities organized by scientific field of interest. See “Homeschool: Your one-stop shop…”
Survive the Sound, a game based on the real-life movements of salmon, begins May 4, but participants can sign up now and choose a fish character to follow during the game. Start with the game and check out “Getting started in the classroom.” The project is sponsored by the organization Long Live the Kings.
Encyclopedia of Puget Sound, sponsored by Puget Sound Institute. I would be remiss if I didn’t mention my own publication, which I have promoted as an educational tool for both teachers and students. EoPS, as we call it, contains information about some of the latest research on dozens of topics involving Puget Sound and the entire Salish Sea. A good place to start is to choose an interesting “keyword” on the EoPS main page or scroll down to “recent articles” below that.
If anyone would like to make other suggestions, please mention them in the comments section below.
If you are looking for something constructive to do in this stay-at-home period of our lives, I might suggest joining a team of scientists conducting real online research. Zooniverse, a clearinghouse of about 100 active crowd-sourced science projects, has added educational materials for all age groups. Students learning at home can assist professional researchers as they seek answers to real scientific questions. For a few other stay-at-home ideas, skip to the bottom of this page.
[iframe align=”right” width=”560″ height=”315″ src=”https://www.youtube.com/embed/J3_7rZt6yfk”%5D
One interesting Zooniverse project is “Penguin Watch,” in which citizen scientists are asked to look at photographs taken automatically at remote research sites where penguins congregate. The goal is to mark on the image where you see adult penguins, baby penguins and penguin eggs. The sheer number of images makes it difficult for a handful of researchers alone to do the work.
Radio reporter Andy Kubis of The Allegheny Front recently watched 4-year-old Nina Schulz working on the penguin project with her mother, Cristy Gelling of Pittsburgh. Nina carefully marked a spot on the screen.
“How do you know it’s a baby?” Cristy asked.
“Because it’s not black and white; it’s gray. And fluffy,” Nina replied. “I thought it was just a rock, but it wasn’t!” (Check out the audio below or on the AF website.)
——
Allegheny Front: “Become a citizen scientist”
——
By collecting many such observations over many photos, researchers can estimate the timing of penguin breeding, nesting and hatching under various conditions.
In the medical field — of particular interest at this time — participants are asked to “Bash the bug,” which involves identifying whether tuberculosis bacteria are growing in the presence of antibiotics at different concentrations. The goal is to identify strains of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and point the way to new antibiotic treatments. Laura Trouille, co-lead for Zooniverse
The number of people participating in Zooniverse has recently increased dramatically as more people are staying home, said Laura Trouille, director of citizen science at Chicago’s Adler Planetarium and co-lead for Zooniverse. Last week, 17,000 new accounts were created — five times the number seen in a typical week. That brought the total number of registrations to 2 million, a major milestone for Zooniverse.
“To me, it has been extremely heartwarming to see the role that citizen science can play in this unusual and scary time,” Laura told me, adding that she has two young children who have been able to be involved from home.
Zooniverse, a collaboration of the Adler Planetarium, University of Oxford and the University of Minnesota, lists 11 general categories, from biology to literature to space. Each project includes a forum where researchers can discuss the findings and answer questions from participants. Researchers say the discussions have helped broaden their own perspectives as they share their knowledge.
Occasionally, citizen scientists involved in Zooniverse may make a remarkable discovery, such as when Hanny van Arkel, a 25-year-old Dutch school teacher, spotted something unusual while looking for galaxies on a project called Galaxy Zoo. She posted a question in the online forum after she spotted a cosmic “smudge” in the corner of her screen.
Eventually, the object was identified as a rare quasar ionization echo, described as a “ghost image” associated with a black hole. Someone named it Hanny’s Voorwerp (Dutch for Hanny’s object), and the name stuck as the object attracted the attention of astronomers from around the world. (Check out Hanny’s story on her website.)
[iframe align=”right” width=”560″ height=”315″ src=”https://www.youtube.com/embed/11XA2aOCE1Q”%5D
While Zooniverse projects often seem more like games than real science, Laura pointed out that pooling the work of multitudes of people can produce significant results. For each project, a team of experts validate the results by taking a sample of images and comparing the amateur and expert classifications. For most projects, there is a very high degree of agreement. Any differences often reflect a disagreement among the experts themselves.
So far, the citizen science projects have produced about 200 scientific papers, Laura told me. The papers are widely recognized for their findings and often quoted in other scientific journal articles, Laura said.
With 100 active projects to choose from, it should be easy to find a project that suits your interests. A good place to start is a new page called “Remote and online learning resources,” which lists projects of interest to different age groups.
Another new page describes how Zooniverse can be used to fulfill service or volunteer hours needed for high school graduation or for college scholarships. The page includes an eight-point program for getting the most out of the experience.
Other projects for those staying home
20 suggestions. I was impressed with the 20 smart suggestions offered by the Kitsap Sun’s Betsy Kornelis in an article about “teaching from home.” At the end of her piece, Betsy provides a sizable list of online resources worth checking out.
More advice.Katharine Hill, a learning specialist in Brooklyn, offers some good advice and interesting websites in an article in the New York Times.
SeaDoc Society, a research and education organization based in the San Juan Islands, has compiled a list of videos and activities organized by scientific field of interest. See “Homeschool: Your one-stop shop…”
Survive the Sound, a game based on the real-life movements of salmon, begins May 4, but participants can sign up now and choose a fish character to follow during the game. Start with the game and check out “Getting started in the classroom.” The project is sponsored by the organization Long Live the Kings.
Encyclopedia of Puget Sound, sponsored by Puget Sound Institute. I would be remiss if I didn’t mention my own publication, which I have promoted as an educational tool for both teachers and students. EoPS, as we call it, contains information about some of the latest research on dozens of topics involving Puget Sound and the entire Salish Sea. A good place to start is to choose an interesting “keyword” on the EoPS main page or scroll down to “recent articles” below that.
If anyone would like to make other suggestions, please mention them in the comments section below.
